Glossary

Glossary

The article divides terms into groups as follows:

Philosophical Terms

1. Allegory
   • The expression of ideas through metaphors and symbols, helping to convey complex concepts.
2. Dualism
   • A doctrine asserting the existence of two opposing principles, such as spirit and matter.
3. Illusory Reality
   • The idea that the perceived world may be deceptive or incomplete, hiding the true reality.
4. Divine Unity
   • The concept that everything originates from a single source—God—who unites all aspects of existence.
5. Transcendent
   • That which lies beyond ordinary experience and perception.
6. Cosmogony
   • The study of the origin and structure of the universe.
7. Eschatology
   • The study of the ultimate destiny of the world and humanity.
8. Archetype
   • A primary image or idea underlying cultural and spiritual concepts.
9. Phenomenology
   • The study of phenomena as perceived by consciousness.
10. Anthropocentrism
    • A philosophical idea placing humanity at the center of existence.

Terms from Judaism

1. Kabbalah
   • A mystical teaching exploring the nature of God, creation, and the soul.
2. Torah
   • The Five Books of Moses, the central text of Judaism.
3. Midrash
   • Commentary on the Torah, often based on allegories and parables.
4. Talmud
   • A foundational text including the Mishnah (laws) and Gemara (commentary).
5. Sefirot
   • The ten emanations of God through which He interacts with the world.
6. Ein Sof
   • The infinite aspect of God, beyond human comprehension.
7. Halakha
   • Jewish law governing religious and daily life.
8. Shekhinah
   • The divine presence manifesting God’s immanence in the world.
9. Zohar
   • The central text of Kabbalah, interpreting the hidden meanings of the Torah.
10. Ma’aseh Bereshit
    • Teachings on the creation of the world, based on the Book of Genesis.
11. Ma’aseh Merkavah
    • Teachings on the heavenly chariot from the vision of the prophet Ezekiel.

Physics and Mathematics Terms

1. Quantum Mechanics
   • The branch of physics studying particle behavior on an atomic scale.
2. Superposition
   • A state where a particle exists in multiple positions simultaneously.
3. Quantum Entanglement
   • A connection between particles maintained regardless of distance.
4. Entropy
   • A measure of chaos or disorder in a system.
5. Collapse of the Wave Function
   • The process by which a particle’s state becomes definite upon measurement.
6. Holographic Principle
   • A theory suggesting that information about a three-dimensional system can be encoded on a two-dimensional surface.
7. Singularity
   • A point where physical laws break down (e.g., the center of a black hole).
8. Annihilation
   • The destruction of a particle and its antiparticle, releasing energy.

Biological Terms

1. Genetic Code
   • A set of rules for translating DNA into proteins.
2. Epigenetics
   • The study of gene activity changes without altering their structure.
3. Mutation
   • A change in the genetic code that affects an organism’s traits.
4. Symbiosis
   • A mutually beneficial coexistence between two organisms.
5. Neuroplasticity
   • The brain’s ability to adapt its functions in response to experience.
6. Apoptosis
   • Programmed cell death maintaining organismal health.

Notes

The earliest translations of Jewish texts were made into Greek. Since Greek lacks the letter “Sh,” it was replaced by “S” in translations. Consequently, original names from the Torah were altered, e.g., Shlomo became Solomon, Yeshu became Jesus, Moshe became Moses, etc.

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